Why ‘clinical pharmacology’ in biomarkers in medicine?

“...the societal pressure for individualized medicine is indeed a powerful engine to provoke adaptation of clinical pharmacologists and the science of clinical pharmacology.” Lew Sheiner spent a 7-month sabbatical stay in the company where I was working as a Clinical Pharmacologist 15 years ago. After this, he wrote a key paper entitled ‘Learning versus confirming in clinical drug development’ [1]. Lew foresaw that in the not-too-distant future, pharmaceutical companies would not only sell drugs with printed labeling but drugs with a software to guide the prescribers on the key elements to identify the right drug, the right dose in the...