Determination of propranolol and carvedilol in urine samples using a magnetic polyamide composite and LC–MS/MS

β-blockers are a group of compounds that bind adrenoceptors in humans and hinder their interaction with adrenalin and noradrenalin. These compounds are used for the treatment of some cardiovascular disorders, such as angina pectoris, hypertension and arrhythmias [1,2]. In addition, the presence of β-blockers in athletes is especially significant in disciplines that require good psychomotor coordination, such as shooting or gymnastics, since they can reduce heart rate, hand tremor or anxiety, improving accuracy and precision [2]. For this reason, in 1988 the World Anti-Doping Agency banned them and established their LOD in urine samples from sportsmen at 500 ng/ml [3]....